Growth hormone sex differences are an important feature of human endocrine physiology. Although growth hormone (GH) performs similar fundamental functions in males and females, its secretion patterns, hormonal regulation and downstream effects are not identical. Studies of the GH–IGF-1 axis Read more…

Growth hormone and ageing are closely linked through changes in the hypothalamic–pituitary endocrine system. Human studies consistently show that growth hormone (GH) secretion declines with advancing adulthood, accompanied by changes in circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). However, declining GH Read more…

Growth hormone and fasting have a distinctive relationship. During food deprivation, pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion often increases, even though circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) may remain unchanged or decline. This apparent contradiction reflects nutritional regulation of the GH–IGF-1 Read more…

Growth hormone and exercise are closely connected through the body’s endocrine response to physical activity. Both resistance and endurance exercise can temporarily increase circulating growth hormone (GH), although the magnitude varies with intensity, duration and individual physiology. Importantly, a larger Read more…

Growth hormone and sleep are closely connected through the hypothalamic–pituitary endocrine system. Human studies show that a substantial growth hormone (GH) secretory pulse frequently occurs shortly after sleep begins, particularly during slow-wave sleep. However, GH secretion is influenced by sleep Read more…

Growth hormone isoforms are different molecular forms of human growth hormone (GH). Although GH is frequently described as a single hormone, circulating blood contains several variants with distinct structures and analytical properties. The two best-characterised pituitary forms are 22 kDa Read more…

Growth hormone stimulation tests assess the capacity of the pituitary to release growth hormone (GH) following a controlled physiological or pharmacological stimulus. They are important in specialist endocrine assessment because spontaneous GH secretion varies considerably throughout the day. A low Read more…

CJC-1295 vs tesamorelin compares two synthetic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analogues that stimulate pituitary growth hormone (GH) secretion. Both act through GHRH receptors, but they differ in molecular design, circulating persistence and the strength of their human clinical evidence. Importantly, Read more…

A retatrutide certificate of analysis (COA) should provide traceable information about a specific batch of research material, including the compound’s identity, relevant analytical results and the methods used to obtain them. For laboratories reviewing synthetic peptides, the most important question Read more…

Somatostatin and growth hormone have opposing but closely coordinated roles in endocrine physiology. Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by anterior pituitary somatotrophs, while hypothalamic somatostatin helps restrain its release. Understanding this inhibitory pathway is essential when interpreting GH secretion, receptor Read more…